Denouncing UPB I always start off any serious and fruitful debates with this question: “I accept that all ideas I propose could be incorrect, and the reverse, that everything I think to be incorrect could be correct. I seek truth, so if I am proven incorrect I will gladly change. I do not take any stake in the outcome of this debate. I ask you to do the same. Do you accept?” P= Premise C= Conclusion P1: “Preferences” are required for life, thought and debating. P2: Debating requires that both parties hold truth to be both objective and universally preferable. C: Thus, the very act of debating contains an acceptance of universally preferable behaviour (aka UPB) UPB 5 PROOFS REFUTED Proof 1 P1: The concept UPB must be true. P2: Arguing against the truth of UPB demonstrates UPB. C: Thus, no argument against UPB can be true. P2 is false; If I state a preference for truth over falsehood when debating UPB, that does not mean that I have preference for truth over falsehood in all things. For example, if I were in a situation where I needed to choose between knowing the truth and permanently decreasing the well-being of all life, or to not know the truth but to permanently increase the well-being of all life, I would choose falsehood over truth because I value well-being over truth. Even if I did have a preference for truth over falsehood, it would not be a universal preference, because all other people do not share my preference for truth over falsehood. While I may value truth over falsehood, when it comes to the question of being reunited with dead loved-ones when we die, another person might value falsehood over truth as a result of valuing comfort over truth. What we value personally is not universal. UPB has asserted that “moral values exist because we hold the belief that moral values exist” which is not the same as demonstrating that moral values actually exist. For example, if all people believe that the moon is made of cheese, that wouldn’t make it so. Proof 2 P1: All organisms require UPB to live. P2: man is a living organism. C1: Therefore all men are alive due to the practice of UPB C2: Thus any argument made against UPB requires an acceptance and practice of UPB. C3: So, no argument against UPB can be true. P1 is circular reasoning since it is also implicitly included within C1. This is stating, “that because all living organisms require UPB to live, all living organisms cannot argue against UPB because they are alive.” Here is a comparison to show this error: Risos asks, “How do you know the bible is divinely inspired?”, William reponds, “because it says in the 3rd chapter of 2 timothy, that ‘all scripture is given by divine inspiration of God”. Or Risos asks, “How do you know all organisms require UPB to live?”, Stefen responds, “ organisms are alive because they practice UPB.” Since P1 is circular with C1, all other points are unsupported. Also, notice that C1 states “practice” of UPB, while C2 states “acceptance and practice”, which is also unsupported even if the argument were sound, it still wouldn’t be valid. Thus, it is a formal fallacy; a non sequitur, since it does not follow from the premises. Proof 3 P1: For a scientific theory to be true, it must be supported by empirical observation. P2: If UPB is true, humans should believe in UPB. P3: All men believe in UPB C: Therefore evidence exists to oppose the idea that UPB is not true. P2 commits an is-ought fallacy, a formal fallacy which attempts to derive moral statements from facts about reality. It is comparable to stating that, “if the bible is true, then humans ought to believe in the bible”. In addition, the only relevant premise to the conclusion is P3, which is circular to the conclusion, since all men have not been proven to believe in UPB. In fact, P3 is false because all men do not believe in UPB since I don’t believe in UPB and thus the conclusion is unsupported, leaving another non sequitur. Even if all men practiced UPB, which they don’t, the claim that “all men believe in UPB” would still be false. Finally, the conclusion is false since it asserts that “because some evidence suggests that UPB is correct, it is correct.”, which also doesn’t follow from the premises. None of those statements follow from any of the others, it’s incoherent. Proof 4 P1: Choices are almost infinite P2: Most humans make similar choices C1: Therefore, not all choices can be equal. C2: Therefore, Universally preferable choices must be valid. It’s strange, you are a very articulate and educated person, but at least in these arguments, you dropped the ball. P1 can only be true if every variation of a choice can be defined as its own choice. For example, getting out of bed, waiting 1 second to get out of bed, waiting 1.1 seconds to get out of bed and so on. Next, the word “equal” is used ambiguously, and thus has no meaning. So, C1 is meaningless. Finally, C2 doesn’t follow from the premises, making the argument a non sequitur; just because humans make choices does not prove that humans make choices objectively or out of universal preference. Proof 5 P1: Organisms succeed by acting on UPB P2: Man is the most successful organism P3: Man’s mind is his most distinctive organ C1: Therefore man must have acted on the basis of UPB C2: Therefore man’s mind must have acted on the basis of UPB C3: Therefore UPB must be valid P1 is circular reasoning with C1 and C2, it is almost identical to C1. In P2, “Success” is used ambiguously, and is therefore meaningless. What are humans the most successful at? Not even killing each other, ants and bacteria have out-classed us on that. What about brain power? Why should we accept that brain power determines success? The points I have raised are enough to disprove UPB entirely. I have found that there is no way to avoid the is-ought guillotine when it comes to morality. -Sources- The main argument: Appendix a: UPB in a nutshell The five proofs: UPB: FIVE PROOFS